The Red Badge Of Courage Essay :: essays research papers

The Red Badge of Courage isn't a war novel. It is a novel about existence. This tale represents the hardships of regular daily existence. Stephen Crane utilizes the war as a correlation with regular day to day existence. He is semi-saying that life resembles a war. It is a battle of warriors—the consistently people—against the chances. In these clashes of regular day to day existence, individuals can change. In The Red Badge of Courage, the primary character, Henry Fleming, experiences a character change that shows how individuals must conquer their feelings of trepidation and the undetectable obstructions that keep them away from being the best people—warriors, as in life is war—they can be. Henry has a character change that speaks to how all people have general feeling of dread of the obscure that must be survived. Â Â Â Â Â In the initial segment of the novel, Henry is an adolescent that is unpracticed. His intentions were unclean. He was an egotistical and self-serving character. He enters the war not for the premise of serving his nation, yet for the achievement of brilliance and esteem. Henry needs to be a legend. This speaks to the regular human trait of narrow-mindedness. People have a need and a need to fulfill themselves. This was Henry's principle thought process all through the initial segment of the novel. Over and over Henry is made plans to that regular self-centeredness of people. After Henry understands that the fulfillment of greatness and courage has a cost on it. That cost is by wounds or more terrible yet, passing. Henry at that point becomes self-serving in the way that he needs to get by for himself, not the Union armed force. There is numerous when Henry needs to legitimize his regular dread of death. He is at a point where he is addressing abandoning the fight; so as to legitimize this, he asks Jim, the tall officer, on the off chance that he would run. Jim announced that he'd pondered it. Without a doubt, thought Henry, if his partner ran, it would be okay on the off chance that he himself ran. During the fight, when Henry really took flight, he supported this childish deed—selfish in the way that it didn't assist his with controlling hold the Rebs—by normal sense. He announced to himself that if a squirrel took flight when a stone was tossed at it, it was okay that he ran when his life was on the line.

I tried to eat healthy for two weeks Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

I attempted to eat well for about fourteen days - Essay Example Additionally cheap food is likewise made out of such fixings which can be unsafe to the body. So as to have a solid existence one needs to adjust his wholesome admission with the goal that he doesn't expend unfortunate nourishments. These are the principle reasons as a result of which I attempted to eat well nourishment for about fourteen days by eliminating my eating routine. In my act of devouring solid nourishments I looked to remove on the things which I thought about undesirable for my body. To begin with I cut out on my every day soft drink utilization so as to evade any kind of carbonated beverage. I devoured water and tea as an option in contrast to soft drink as them two are equivalently more advantageous in my view than pop. Sound food was my point so I needed to remove on my utilization of cheap food. I was unable to accomplish this point in the event that I didn't cook at my home so I favored cooking at home as opposed to going out which end up being a fruitful arrangemen t in chopping down my eating routine of inexpensive food. I favored plate of mixed greens over different things as it has basic vegetables which are sound for my body.

SIPA offers new coding class to help students augment policy analysis COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

SIPA offers new coding class to help students augment policy analysis COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog Computing in Context, a course in Columbia University’s Computer Science department, has added a new track designed for SIPA students that will teach computational concepts and coding in the context of solving policy problems. Enrolled students will be taught by both a computer-science professor, who lectures on basic computer and programming skills while teaching students to think like computer scientists, and by a SIPA professor who shows how those skills can augment traditional policy analysis. Projects and assignments will be geared for the policy arena to give students a command of technical solutions for problems they are likely to encounter in their classes and future work. SIPA’s is the first new track to be added since Computing in Context debuted in spring 2015 with tracks in digital humanities, social science, and economics and finance. Aimed at liberal-arts majors who might not otherwise take computer science, Computing in Context is the first of its kind to provide a contextualized introduction that combines algorithmic thinking and programming with projects and assignments from different liberal-arts disciplines. How much should students in the School of International and Public Affairs (SIPA) know about computer science? In a digital world when information is being collected at unprecedented rates and as government decision-making becomes more data driven, computer science is fast becoming fundamental to policy analysis. Computational methods offer an efficient way to navigate and assess a variety of systems and their data, and make it possible to comb even massive data sets for subtle patterns that might otherwise go undiscovered. A relatively small amount of code can replace tedious, time-consuming manual efforts to gather data and refine it for analysis. As machine learning and text mining turn texts into data analyzable by a computer, computational methods once reserved for quantitative data can now be applied to almost any type of documentâ€"emails, tweets, public records, transcripts of hearingsâ€"or to a corpus of tens or hundreds of thousands of documents. These new methods for computationally analyzing texts and documents make computer science relevant to humanities and social science disciplines that traditionally have not been studied computationally. Social science majors may analyze vast numbers of social media posts, English majors may automate stylistic analyses of literary works, finance students may mine data for new economic trends. Liberal-arts students have been increasingly skipping the cursory computer-science class intended for non-majors (1001) and enrolling in computer-science classes alongside computer-science majors.  Adam Cannon,  who has been teaching introductory computer science for 15 years has watched the number of liberal-arts students in his classes climb to the point where they have surpassed the number of computer-science majors. “These students want more than an appreciation of computer science,” he said. “They want to apply computer-science techniques in their own fields.” Computer science within a context Algorithmic thinking is critical for designing solutions to new problems and analyzing new data sets, but the nature of the problems and the data sets depends on the particular field of study. Different liberal-arts disciplines require different kinds of computational proficiency; for this reason, Computing in Context maintains separate tracks for each discipline, with each track taught by a different professor. The class debuted with three tracks: social science, digital humanities, and economics and financing. All students take the computer-science component and learn the same basic concepts, but then divide into separate tracks to learn how those concepts apply to their particular discipline. It’s a modular design that makes it easy to insert additional tracks as more departments and professional schools act to make computer-science part of their students’ curriculum. The first time a new track is offered, a professor from that department lectures live, and then records those lectures for future semesters. This flipped classroom approachâ€"where students view videos of lectures outside class and use classroom time to discuss the content of those videosâ€"helps make the class financially sustainable since each new track represents a one-time expense. SIPA’s is the first track to be added since Computing in Context was introduced and is being taught by  Gregory Falco, a Columbia adjunct faculty member who is also an executive at Accenture and is currently pursuing his PhD in Cybersecurity of Critical Urban Infrastructure at MIT. With an MS in Sustainability Management from Columbia University, Falco specializes in applying data, analytics, and sensors to solve complex sustainability and security policy problems. Having Falco teach a track within Computing in Context is part of SIPA’s commitment to deeply integrating technology courses into its curriculum and equipping students with a robust tech and computer-science skill set. It is one way Deans  Merit Janow  and  Dan McIntyre  are helping Falco pioneer the next generation of policy education. What SIPA students can expect For the first six weeks of the course, SIPA students will attend the twice-weekly lectures on computer science along with all other students. At the halfway point, the track lectures kick in, and SIPA students go to lectures given by Falco, who will also assign homework and projects geared specifically to public policy. While economics and financing students price options and digital humanities students run sentiment analysis on tweets, SIPA students might be troubleshooting sources of environmental pollution, evaluating the effectiveness of public housing policy, or determining the impact of local financial markets on international healthcare or education. Considering SIPA is a professional school, Falco’s lectures and assignments are aimed at helping students integrate and transition what they learn in the classroom to the professional setting and job market. Unlike other tracks, the SIPA track will always have live lectures each time it is given. The changing relevance of policy problems requires a class constantly evolving for current events. Also, the skills SIPA students learn in Computing in Context will be integrated into their capstone research projects that serve as graduate theses; since Falco teaches both Computing in Context and will advise research projects, his constant, in-class presence will provide a more continuous resource of expertise on data and computing for SIPA students. “This is a one-of-a-kind, very cool policy class because it enables SIPA students to think like computer scientists and see the art of the possible in relation to how technology, data analytics, and artificial intelligence can be used to address policy problems,” says Falco. “Beyond coding, the class helps foster the language of digital literacy which is invaluable in the professional world for policy practitioners.” The SIPA track will be the first test of how well Computing in Context can scale to meet demand, which is only expected to grow as more departments and schools like SIPA integrate computer science into their curricula. â€" Linda Crane Thanks to the Department of Computer Science. This article has been adapted from the longer  original version.

How a Behavior Intervention Plan Improves Bad Behavior

A BIP, or Behavior Intervention Plan, is an improvement plan that lays out how an Individual Education Plan (IEP) team will better difficult behavior that is inhibiting a childs academic success. If a child cant focus, doesnt complete work, disrupts the classroom or is constantly in trouble, not only does the teacher have a problem, the child has a problem. A Behavior Intervention Plan is a document that describes just how the IEP team will help the child improve his or her behavior. When a BIP Becomes a Requirement A BIP is a required part of an IEP if the behavior box is checked off in the Special Considerations section where it asks whether communication, vision, hearing, behavior and/or mobility affects academic achievement. If a childs behavior disrupts the classroom and significantly interrupts his or her education, then a BIP is very much in order. Furthermore, a BIP is generally preceded by an FBA or Functional Behavior Analysis. The Functional Behavior Analysis is based on the Behaviorist Anagram, ABC: Antecedent, Behavior, and Consequence. It requires the observer to first pay attention to the environment in which the behavior occurs, as well as the occurrences that happen just before the behavior. How Behavior Analysis Gets Involved Behavior Analysis includes the antecedent, a well defined, measurable definition of the behavior, as well as a standard for how it will be measured, such as duration, frequency, and latency. It also involves the consequence, or outcome, and how that consequence reinforces the student.   Usually, a special education teacher, a behavior analyst, or a school psychologist will perform an FBA. Using that information, the teacher will write a document that describes target behaviors, replacement behaviors, or behavioral goals. The document will also include the procedure for changing or extinguishing the target behaviors, measures for success, and the people who will be responsible for instituting and following through on the BIP. The BIP Content A BIP should include the following information: Proactive Manipulation of the Antecedent.Teachers should consider whether they can structure the students learning environment in a way that will eliminate the antecedent. Making changes in the environment that will eliminate or decrease the things that may trigger a behavior permits the teacher to spend lots of time reinforcing the replacement behavior.Targeted Behaviors.Also known as the Behavior of Interest, a BIP should narrow the behaviors of interest to a few that may be interrelated, typically three or four or at the most.Reinforcement Plan.This plan provides a description of the proactive means of supporting replacement or appropriate behavior. A replacement behavior for calling out would be to raise their hand and a means of reinforcing or rewarding that activity would be part of the BIP.  Protocol for Addressing Dangerous or Unacceptable Behavior.This protocol may be called different things in a teachers district or state form, but it should address how to respond to dang erous behavior. Unacceptable should be defined, as it isnt to promote punishment when the teacher, bus driver, or paraprofessional is angry at a student. The purpose of the BIP is to keep adults away from reactive and counterproductive behaviors of their own, like screaming at the child or punishment.

Freakonomics Essay - 1424 Words

The book Freakonomics by Steven D. Levitt and Stephen J. Dubner, is designed to pose fundamental questions concerning economics using a variety of imaginative comparisons and questions. Examples of these comparisons and questions can be seen in the list of contents, with chapter titles such as â€Å"How is the Ku Klux Klan like a group of real-estate agents?† and â€Å"Why do drug dealers still live with their moms?† Not everyone is interested in economics, but with titles that grab attention, it is almost impossible not to pick up the book and read it for yourself. The two chapters of Freakonomics I will be analyzing are â€Å"What do Schoolteachers and Sumo Wrestlers have in common?† and â€Å"Perfect Parenting, Part II; or: Would a Roshanda by any other†¦show more content†¦Often, cheating is used to try and win, however there are several sport institutions that use cheating to lose on purpose. In Japan, a wrestler’s rank determines how much money they make, how much they are allowed to eat, sleep, and take advantage of successes. The top sixty-six ranked wrestlers in Japan make up the ‘sumo elite,’ and have significantly better lifestyles and luxuries than the wrestlers below them. To raise their ranking, a wrestler must win at least eight of the fifteen bouts (rounds) at one of six tournaments per year. If a wrestler does not get eight wins, their rank is lowered, and they can even be removed from the ‘sumo elite.’ Since getting at least eight wins is so crucial, seven wins is the tipping point for many wrestlers to make deals, bribes, and promises. For example, a wrestler with a 7-7 record fighting a wrestler with an 8-6 record on the final day of the special tournament would be desperate to reach eight wins. The predicted chance of the 7-7 wrestler winning is 48.7%, however the data reflects the actual chance of winning at 79.6%. When the wrestlers return to normal tournaments, the data shows the 8-6 wrestlers almost always win when fighting the former 7-7 wrestlers. This data suggests that wrestlers who are desperate to raise their ranking and stay in the ‘sumo elite’ collude with opponents to ensure themselves a win during the special tournaments. Sumo wrestling is the national sport of Japan,Show MoreRelatedFreakonomics Essay737 Words   |  3 Pagesthe result was Freakonomics, a book that claims to explore the hidden side of everything, using real-life examples such as studi es and polls conducted by Levitt to explain how economics is everywhere, that economics is how the world really functions. Through everything from analyzing the inner thought processes of real-estate agents and crack dealers, to predicting the next popular baby names, Levitt and Dubner guide readers to think differently, ask questions, and to use â€Å"Freakonomics† in their dailyRead MoreFreakonomics Book Review Essay630 Words   |  3 Pagesat math, I don’t know a lot of econometrics, and I also don’t know how to do theory.† This marks right away Lennits to a different approach of ways to get his audience attention, he steps outside of the boundaries most people in society live by. Freakonomics, is a book that really triggered my imagination as a kept on reading, I really loved it. I myself started asking myself a great amount of questions that I had never looked at before. Especially toward the end that he asks the importance of onesRead MoreFreakonomi cs and Misconceptions of Economy Essay1244 Words   |  5 PagesA number one bestseller many say is grasping in amazement: Freakonomics is said to unravel the untold stories of life. Steven D. Levitt and Stephen J. Dubner break common misconceptions of economics by revealing its true science. Freakonomics shatters the view of economics being an arid study of finance and markets. They pull in information to make inferences on past occurrences subtly influence on the present. Freakonomics packs punches with its countless number of tables and figures, serving asRead MoreEssay Freakonomics chapter 1 summary688 Words   |  3 Pagesï » ¿Freakonomics Chapter 1 Summary In chapter one of Freakonomics, Stephen Dubner and Steven Levitt describe how when incentives are strong enough, many usually honest people from different walks of life will cheat in order to gain financially or climb the ladder in their careers. The authors define an incentive as â€Å"a means of urging people to do more of a good thing or less of a bad thing.† This chapter covers three varieties of incentives: Economic, Social and Moral. Economic incentives motivate peopleRead MoreFreakonomics Essay811 Words   |  4 PagesFreakonomics Book Report In chapter 1, Levitt and Dubner describe how many people in different cultures and walks of life, which are otherwise inclined to be honest, find subtle ways of cheating to advance their position or increase monetary awards when incentives are strong enough. The authors define an incentive as â€Å"a means of urging people to do more of a good thing or less of a bad thing,† and identify three varieties of incentives. Economic incentives are those, which a person responds toRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book Freakonomics By Steven D. Levitt1195 Words   |  5 PagesIn the book Freakonomics, by Steven D. Levitt and Stephen J. Dubner, is made up of a series of scenarios in which an economist and a journalist apply basic principles of economics to demonstrate that information can often expose interesting truths about how the world operates. It uses the science of economics and specific data to challenge our assumptions about everything. In the book Freakonomics by Levitt Dubner, com pares and contrasts two groups of people or things by using their informationalRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book Freakonomics By Steven D. Levitt750 Words   |  3 PagesThe last section in chapter two of Freakonomics, written by Steven D. Levitt and Stephen J. Dubner, attempts to answer the following questions; â€Å"How forthright (and honest) are people when it comes to sharing their personal information,† and â€Å"what kind of information in personal ads is considered the most (and least) desirable† (74)? Throughout this section the authors provide statistical data from an online dating site, which encompassed more than 20,000 users. This data showed that not only areRead MoreThe Importance Of Faulkners Nobel Peace Prize Acceptance Speech By William Faulkner1405 Words   |  6 Pageswriters that Faulkner was speaking to, they would fulfill his wishes. Over 50 years later, University of Chicago economist, Steven D. Levitt, and New York Times journalist, Stephen J. Dubner, combined their knowledge and skills and created the book, Freakonomics. The book follows an economist, Levitt, as he explores the â€Å"hidden side of everything† and explains it all in a different, unconventional perspective. It takes on the topic of morality and economics as he, along with Dubner, ask and answer manyRead MoreEssay on Review of Freakonomics1663 Words   |  7 PagesReview of Freakonomics This chapters main idea is that the study of economics is the study of incentives. We find a differentiation between economic incentives, social incentives and moral incentives. Incentives are described in a funny way as means of urging people to do more of a good thing or less of a bad thing, and in this chapter we find some examples Ââ€"publicRead MoreThe Book Freakonomics By Steven D. Levitt2418 Words   |  10 Pages The book Freakonomics by Steven D. Levitt and Stephen J. Dubner consists of a series of essays in which a journalist and an economist work collectively to find, by applying everyday economic principles, how the world truly works, which reveals some fascinating truths about the world. Some background history of the authors, Steven D. Levitt interviewed Stephen J. Dubner for New York Times Magazine and this is where they initially met and became good friends. With them having similar ideals about

Functional Areas in Business Free Essays

Task 1: Research different functional areas, provide definitions of each of these functions: * Customer Servise Customer service is the provision of service to customers before, during and after a purchase. Customer service is a series of activities designed to enhance the level of customer satisfaction – that is, the feeling that a product or service has met the customer expectation. Its importance varies by products, industry and customer; defective or broken merchandise can be exchanged, often only with a receipt and within a specified time frame. We will write a custom essay sample on Functional Areas in Business or any similar topic only for you Order Now Retail stores often have a desk or counter devoted to dealing with returns, exchanges and complaints, or will perform related functions at the point of sale; the perceived success of such interactions being dependent on employees â€Å"who can adjust themselves to the personality of the guest, customer service plays an important role in an organization’s ability to generate income and revenue. From that perspective, customer service should be included as part of an overall approach to systematic improvement. A customer service experience can change the entire perception a customer has of the organization. * ICT Stands for â€Å"Information and Communication Technologies. † ICT refers to technologies that provide access to information through telecommunications. It is similar to Information Technology (IT), but focuses primarily on communication technologies. This includes the Internet, wireless networks, cell phones, and other communication mediums. In the past few decades, information and communication technologies have provided society with a vast array of new communication capabilities. For example, people can communicate in real-time with others in different countries using technologies such as instant messaging, voice over IP (VoIP), and video-conferencing. Social networking websites like Facebook allow users from all over the world to remain in contact and communicate on a regular basis. Modern information and communication technologies have created a â€Å"global village,† in which people can communicate with others across the world as if they were living next door. For this reason, ICT is often studied in the context of how modern communication technologies affect ociety. * Distribution Distribution means ensuring that goods are delivered to the right place on time and in the right condition. Commerce: The movement of goods and services from the source through a distribution channel, right up to the final customer, consumer, or user, and the movement of payment in the opposite direction, right up to the original producer or supplier. Securities: Payment of principal, interest, or dividend by the issuer of a security to the security holders, on a regular (typically monthly or quarterly) basis. Statistics: An order or pattern formed by the tendency of a sufficiently large number of observations to group themselves around a central value. The familiar bell-shaped curve is an example of normal distribution in which the largest numbers of observations are distributed in the center, with progressively fewer observations falling evenly on the either side of the center (average) line. See also frequency distribution, normal distribution, and standard distribution. * Marketing The management process through which goods and services move from concept to the customer. As a practice, it consists in coordination of four elements called 4P’s: (1) identification, selection, and development of a product, (2) determination of its price, (3) selection of a distribution channel to reach the customer’s place, and (4) development and implementation of a promotional strategy. As a philosophy, marketing is based on thinking about the business in terms of customer needs and their satisfaction. Marketing differs from selling because (in the words of Harvard Business School’s emeritus professor of marketing Theodore C. Levitt) â€Å"Selling concerns itself with the tricks and techniques of getting people to exchange their cash for your product. It is not concerned with the values that the exchange is all about. And it does not, as marketing invariably does, view the entire business process as consisting of a tightly integrated effort to discover, create, arouse, and satisfy customer needs. † * Human resources The division of a company that is focused on activities relating to employees. These activities normally include recruiting and hiring of new employees, orientation and training of current employees, employee benefits, and retention. Formerly called personnel. * Sales The activity or business of selling products or services. Contract involving transfer of the possession and ownership (title) of a good or property, or the entitlement to a service, in exchange for money or value. Essential elements that must be present in a valid sale are (1) competence of both the buyer and seller to enter into a contract, (2) mutual agreement on the terms of exchange, (3) a thing capable of being transferred, and (4) a consideration in money (or its equivalent) paid or promised. Finance Finance is the study of how investors allocate their assets over time under conditions of certainty and uncertainty. A key point in finance, which affects decisions, is the time value of money, which states that a unit of currency today is worth more than the same unit of currency tomorrow. Finance aims to price assets based on their risk level, and expected rate of return. Finance can be broken into three different sub categories: public finance, corporate finance and personal finance. * Production The processes and methods employed to transform tangible inputs (raw materials, semifinished goods, or subassemblies) and intangible inputs (ideas, information, knowledge) into goods or services. * Research and development Systematic activity combining both basic and applied research, and aimed at discovering solutions to problems or creating new goods and knowledge. RD may result in ownership of intellectual property such as patents. In accounting for RD costs, the development costs may be carried forward but the basic and applied research costs are often written-off as incurred. Administration Management: The interpretation and implementation of the policy set by an organization’s board of directors. The administration of a business is synonymous with the performance or management of business operations, maybe including important decision making. Thus it is likely to include the efficient organization of people and other resources so as to direct activities toward common goa ls and objectives. Task 2: Using Newcastle College website find out about entry requirements to a Level 3 Business related course: 5 GCSEs A – C or equivalent at Pass level, ideally inc English ; Maths. If English is not your first language you will need an IELTS score of 5. Task 3: Using the college library research using a book the area of business you are most interested in: Business administration is the process of managing a business or non-profit organization so that it remains stable and continues to grow. This consists of a number of areas, ranging from operations to management. There are many different roles related to business administration, including business support, office manager, and Chief Executive Officer (CEO), among others. Most companies have a dedicated group of administrators. Main Areas The main areas incorporated into business administration are operations, logistics, marketing, economics, Human Resources (HR), and management. An administrator oversees these parts of an organization to make sure that they’re all functioning properly and efficiently individually, and that they’re all working together to make the business profitable. He or she may also come up with ways to make the department more profitable, and often delegates tasks to employees in the department. Large companies usually have at least one administrator assigned to each area. Roles Most companies have a range of administrative roles in different parts of their corporate hierarchy. At the office level, there are business support officers, who might develop and maintain an office database, oversee other employees for projects, and help the manager with analyzing performance trends. At the next level there are office managers, who oversee an entire office, make budgets and analyses of staff performance, design procedures, and assign projects, among other things. If an organization is large, it may have several assistant managers to help the overall office manager. After office-level managers, there are division administrators, who oversee large portions of an organization. They generally specialize in one area of business administration. For instance, a company might have a person with a specialization in HR administration oversee that department and make sure it’s working efficiently to meet the business’ overall goals. This includes things like measuring the performance of HR staff members, hiring new staff for the department if needed or getting rid of non-performing staff, and making sure that the process for hiring is workable. The head of overall operations in business administration is usually referred to as the chief executive officer (CEO) or president. The CEO and president may be the same office, but this varies between companies. The CEO, depending on the size of the company, may have several vice presidents, each responsible for one area of company operations. For example, there could be a vice president for marketing, one for research and design, and one for sales or customer relations. Each of these operate independently. Work Environment The work environment for someone in business administration depends largely on the type of job he or she is doing. Those on the lower end of the hierarchy often work in structured environments and make frequent reports to their superiors, while those higher up may have more freedom with their schedules. Depending on the type of organization, work hours may be 9 to 5 or they may be more flexible. Overtime is often required when big projects are nearing completion, or when annual analyses and presentations need to be made. Generally speaking, anyone in this type of position needs to have excellent communication skills, as he or she will be working with a lot of different people, sending out memos, and making reports. They also need to be comfortable with making presentations, and they need to be able to lead people. Another important skill is being able to understand how many different parts of a system or organization work together, so that they can make workable systems and figure out what’s wrong with those that don’t work. Most are also very good at math and have an understanding of economics, since they usually make budgets and analyze their office, department, or company’s performance. Education Many universities offer business administration programs for both online and offline study. A typical curriculum covers the critical aspects of operating a business such as customer service, business finance, marketing, and human resources. Aspiring administrators can improve their marketability by minoring in a related field such as an applied science for engineering or psychology for marketing and sales. Most large companies want applicants that have at least a master’s degree in a business-related field. This involves getting hands-on experience, typically by interning at a corporation to get a feel for how the different aspects fit together. Depending on a student’s chosen area, he or she may need to write and enact a business plan to prove your competency; for example, he or she might need to come up with a marketing or sales plan for a hypothetical product, targeting it at a given demographic. How to cite Functional Areas in Business, Essay examples

Teacher

Introduction It is a generally accepted fact that the educational system of a society is inseparably tied to the development and future advancement of the community. With these considerations, governments all over the world have made significant investment in the education system. A key component in the system is teachers whose primary role is to instill knowledge to the students.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Teacher-Leaders: What they need to know and do to Contribute to School Improvement specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Teachers are the traditional â€Å"purveyors of information† and they play the roles of guides to help students generate ideas and develop intellectually. However, the role of teachers is not limited to instilling knowledge to students and teachers can also act as leaders in the school. Danielson (2007) declares that the need for teacher-leaders is important today more than ever before. This assertion is corroborated by Hinchey (1997) who declares that for the efforts to improve education to succeed, teachers need to assume leadership positions. Considering this importance given to teacher-leaders, this paper will set out to discuss what teacher-leaders need to know and do in order to contribute to school improvement and better student learning outcomes. This paper will specifically focus on the teaching context in Saudi Arabia. Teacher Leaders: A definition Teachers today are expected to take on more roles in addition to providing an education to the students. A key role is that of leadership within the school context. Katzenmeyer and Moller (2001, p.17) define teacher leaders as teachers who lead â€Å"within and beyond the classroom, identify with and contribute to a community of teacher leaders and leaders and influence others towards improved educational practice†. Leithwood, Begley, and Cousins (1994) assert that the word â€Å"leadershi p† should not be taken to mean anything different just because the word â€Å"teacher† is put in front of it. Leadership in this context therefore still means the exercising of influence over the beliefs, actions and values of others so as to achieve some desirable goals. Teacher leaders are of great importance since in the school context since not every formal leader has the knowledge, ability or know-how to lead in every possible situation (Millwater Ehrich, 2009). Teacher leadership has the ability to transform schools into professional learning communities where teachers are empowered to become closely involved in the decision making activities of the institute.Advertising Looking for critical writing on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Sergiovannie (2001) demonstrates that having many teacher leaders’ results in a high leadership density which is desirable for the success of the school. This is because as more teachers are trusted with information and involved in decision making, they feel more involved with the school affairs and have a stake in the success of the school (Ingersoll, 2003). For leadership to be effective, it has to be sustainable. Crowther et al. (2002) argue that leadership that is undertaken by a select few is not sustainable and as such, it makes sense to harness the contribution of other teachers in the school. Types of Leaderships Millwater and Ehrich (2009) state that teacher leadership is characterized by â€Å"shared† or â€Å"distributed leadership†. This suggests that teacher leadership is dynamic and multi-directional in nature. Leadership is therefore not limited to one individual and it is not necessary exercised by the person who has formal authority. Shared instructional leadership gives teachers the opportunity to work together with administrative figures in effective teams that can produce optimal effectiveness in classro om practice. Distributed leadership entails having power allocated to different members of staff based on their strengths. Harris (2004, p.1) asserts that â€Å"distributed forms of leadership can assist capacity building within schools which contributes to school improvement†. It should be noted that distributed leadership is more than simple delegation of some of the responsibilities of the formal school administrators to the teachers; distributed leadership involves the relinquishing of power to other. The Saudi Arabian Context The Saudi Arabian educational system is significantly different from that of most western countries both in structure and governance. A major reason for these differences is the religious and cultural backgrounds of Saudi Arabia.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Teacher-Leaders: What they need to know and do to Contribute to School Improvement specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The Saudi government has expressed a strong commitment to the provision of education to its population and a study by Rugh (2002) shows that as a general rule, primary education is free while secondary and higher education is highly subsidized by the government. A unique feature of Saudi Arabia’s education system is the strict separation of the sees at all levels of education except the kindergarten level. This separation is because of the influence of Islam on the Saudi community. A study by Walsh (2009, p.33) on education in the country documented that â€Å"Islam is not only integral to Saudi education but also serves as the very essence of its curriculum†. Saudi Arabia’s education system is highly centralized with overall supervision being done by the Ministry of Education. The ministry is also the body in charge of the training and employment of teachers. This high degree of centralization results in little autonomy being held by the teacher. Al-Abb as (2010) reveals that due to high centralization from the top to the bottom and at the school levels, the school principles often adopt a form of centralization in managing their schools. The Need for Teacher Leaders The role of teachers in school management today has changed significantly and they are required to play a bigger role. In the past, school management was the sole premise of the school principle and other individuals with formal administrative roles. Today, schools require the teacher to play more roles outside the traditional teaching role. Sunal and Kagendo (2008) reveal that teachers are required to be public relations personnel for their institute as well as offer insight on school programs. In the Saudi context, there is a shortage of teacher leaders and many teachers demonstrate reluctance in taking up leadership roles. Research by Al-Abbas (2010) on the influence and importance of leadership behavior by principals in Saudi Arabia demonstrated that a significant number of teachers did not desire to participate in the distribution and sharing of leadership.Advertising Looking for critical writing on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Instead, the teachers preferred having the principle engage in the leadership role since they saw leadership as a distraction from their performance in the classroom. This withdrawal from leadership is detrimental to the Saudi Arabian schools since teacher leaders are a key ingredient in school success. Principals are required to relinquish some power to the teachers and give them opportunities to lead so as to foster growth and development in the school (Childs-Bowen, Moller Scrivner, 2000). Attributes of a Teacher Leader York-Barr and Duke (2004) suggest that teacher leadership is practiced in a variety of ways and this range from formal leadership to informal leadership. Informal leaders are not selected but they rather take the initiative to deal with issues that arise in the institute. The informal leader does not have a position of authority and the influence that they bear comes from the respect they command from their colleagues as well as their expertise in a particular su bject (Danielson, 2007). Decision making is one of the roles that a leader is expected to fulfill. The leader is responsible for making decisions on behalf of his/her followers. Teachers in Saudi are not involved in the decision making processes of the school and they are seldom consulted in school decisions which sometimes affect the teachers’ context and work. This status quo has a negative influence on the schools development since teachers feel that their opinions are not valued (Al-Abbas, 2010). Teacher leadership has the ability to transform schools into professional learning communities where teachers are empowered to become closely involved in the decision making activities of the institute. Sergiovannie (2001) demonstrates that having many teacher leaders’ results in a high leadership density which is desirable for the success of the school. This is because as more teachers are trusted with information and involved in decision making, they feel more involved w ith the school affairs and have a stake in the success of the school. A core attribute in a leader is that he/she should be a knowledgeable professional with a good record of having achieved goals and objectives in the past. Danielson (2007) asserts that to assume a leadership role, a teacher must have some expertise which is relevant to the profession. In addition to this, the teacher leader must exhibit innovation and creativity which results in success or the institute since it brings about motivation by the members. An effective leader should be able to come up with creative and innovative ideas that can positively impact the schools. This can be done by the teacher proposing novel ideas for doing certain tasks or by coming up with more efficient ways or performing key tasks in the school. Interpersonal skills and tact are very important if the teacher leader is to be effective in his/her efforts. Teacher leaders are required to play a major role in the coordination and manageme nt of events in their school and this will invariably require the use of other people. How the individual deals with colleagues as they fulfill the tasks is very important. This is especially so in the Saudi context where personal relationships play a major role in society life. Respect is of critical importance in the Arabic culture and as such, the teacher leader should demonstrate respect to other members of staff at all time (Al-Abbas, 2010). The importance of good communication skills cannot be overstated since communication is the cornerstone on which any successful relationship is built. The teacher leader should be able to effectively communicate his/her mission and vision for the school. By doing this, the teacher will be guaranteed that the task at hand shall be carried out effectively. Competency in communication is a differentiating attribute for leaders. Alexander (2011) states that this communication includes; persuasive argumentation, public speaking, and engaging the participation of others. Being able to communicate effectively is important since the teacher leader must be able to enlist the support of colleagues as well as superiors to support their vision. A leader is of little or even no value if he does not have the support and backing of the followers. A common feature of all institutes and organizations is that there arise contentious issues among members at some point in time. The way in which the contentious issues are diffused in the school will spell the difference between future success and failure. As such, it is of great importance to resolve issues in the most amicable manner. Danielson (2007) states that the teacher leader should be able to build consensus among diverse groups of educators. This calls for the teacher leader to be well equipped in practicing diplomacy. Diplomacy is the â€Å"use of power and authority carefully so as to achieve positive outcomes by being unanimous or arriving at a consensus† (London, 2002, p.259). An individual’s conflict resolution skills can be greatly improved through leadership seminars which empower a person with necessary skills. Once a teacher is equipped with the means of dealing with conflicts, his/her efficiency as a leader is greatly increased. For one to be a truly effective leader, they must possess some leadership skills which can be used to foster productivity. While some people have obvious leadership skills and are aware of their leadership abilities, others are unaware of their capabilities or require honing them. This second class of people may shy away from leadership roles since they do not believe that they have the skills. The typical training offered by the Ministry of Education to teachers does not help to accentuate leadership skills or give teachers the skills required for teacher leadership. It is therefore necessary for the teacher to seek opportunities to learn leadership skills through courses or seminars (Gronn, 2003). The profe ssional development for teacher leadership must be focused on specific aspects of the individual teacher’s leadership role. These skills include; leading groups, collaborative work and mentoring. A study by Solmon et al. (2007) on the effectiveness of the Teacher Advancement Program showed that such programs provided opportunities for shared instructional leadership which increased the efficiency with which the school was run. In addition to this, the program introduced professional growth which helped teachers to improve their instructions by working on specific needs. For progress to be achieved, all institutes must be open to changes. These changes may include improvement in the manner in which things are done or doing away with traditional practices that are no longer effective. The teacher leader must be a champion for positive change within the school. He/she must challenge the status quo in the school’s culture and seek ways to improve the way things are done in the school (Millwater Ehrich, 2009). A novel contribution of teacher leadership is initiating positive change within the teaching staff of the institute. Crowther et al. (2002) states that teacher leaders have the ability to encourage their colleagues to engage in practices that they would not typically consider doing without the influence of the leader. Effective leaders practice open-mindedness which calls for the teacher leader to exhibit flexibility and respect for the opinion of others. Having a rigid mindset may hamper development since the followers will not be willing to follow a leader who is unwilling to consider their input. Sunal and Kagendo (2008) contend that successful teaching and learning are the result of a number of factors including; variety, engagement and excitement. These factors are influenced by the individual teacher and it can therefore be said that the approach taken by an individual teacher has an impact on the success or failure of the individual. Tea chers should take part in external professional teacher’s networks. Such networks consist of talented teachers who have skills that can be helpful to other teachers. Such networks offer educators with the tools to develop themselves by developing their leadership skills. It is only through collaboration and networking that the teacher leader can develop their leadership potential and therefore become even more effective in their roles (Sergiovanni, 1998). By disseminating their findings to colleagues and teachers in other school and engaging in action research, the potential of the teacher leader is greatly enhanced. As has been suggested in this paper, the teacher leader will mostly practice â€Å"distributed leadership†. As such, he/she will be required to solicit the help and support of other members of staff on a constant basis. Sashkin (2003) reveals that some leaders fail to choose competent people to work with them since they feel threatened by a capable colleag ue. Such a leader will therefore only enlist the help of the people they feel they can outshine. This fear of being outshined is detrimental to both the schools progress and the teacher leader’s ability to advance professionally. The teacher leader attempts to influence the development and implementation of the curriculum used in his/her school. The curriculum is defined as â€Å"A program of activities designed so that pupils will attain, as far as possible certain educational ends and objectives† (Taylor Johnson 1974; Hirst 1968). In Saudi Arabia, the creation of the curriculum is undertaken by the central government and close monitoring of students performance is done to ensure that the teachers are teaching in accordance to the law. Even so, private schools are at liberty to adjust the curriculum as long as they â€Å"add to the government approved curriculum, not subtract from it† (Rugh, 2002, p.45). The teacher leader must have motivational skills which a re a core attribute for the successful leader. Kondalkar (2002) defines motivation as the process through which people are stimulated to accomplish certain desirable goals. Effective leaders are able to create conditions that motivate and encourage commitment of others to work as a group and collectively achieve set goals. Motivational skills will enable the teacher to inspire a high degree of commitment by his/her followers to the task at hand. This commitment will invariably result in higher performance being exhibited. Hinchey (1997) suggests that every leader should be able to ask relevant questions to enable him/her to understand the situation better. Through questions, the teacher leader will ensure that projects are successful since questions bring about a deeper understanding of the situation and from this, viable plans to deal with various situations can be developed. Questions minimize the margin or error that may occur as a result of miscommunication or even ignorance fro m the followers. Gender plays an important role in the Saudi community and the male figure is still seen as the head. Alexander (2001) theorizes that these cultural constructs have caused leadership to be seen as a male domain and leadership is associated with a male figure and masculine characteristics such as dominance and competitiveness. This perceptions and gender stereotypes are a barrier for women to take up leadership positions in Saudi Arabia. As it is, there is a shortage of women in leadership and dominant positions in Saudi Arabia due to the stereotypical view of leadership as a masculine domain (Walker, 2004). The attitude by females regarding their perceived leadership competences needs to be changed for more teacher leaders to emerge. This can be done by educating women in leadership practice so as to empower them to take up this role. Saudi Arabian teachers are plagued by a lack of both local and informal leadership experience. Research by Al-Abbas (2010) found that 80% of teachers in a survey had no leadership experience despite having worked in the educational field for an average of eleven years. These findings suggest that the number of teachers with leadership experience in Saudi Arabia is very small. This reality is in stark contrast to the situation in the Western world where teacher leadership is stressed upon and seen as important in transforming schools into professional learning communities (Harris, 2004). Discussion Traditional models of educational leadership were characterized by concentrating power and leadership responsibility to appointed administrators most notably of whom was the principle. However, recent years have seen the devolution of power as a better understanding of the impact of leadership has been gained. Empowerment of teachers to lead has been seen to be a significant contributor to school development and student achievement (Gronn, 2003; Harris, 2004). Schools today are pressured to produce more than just academi c achievement in students. Coles and Southworth (2005, p.1) confirm that the schools for tomorrow will â€Å"Schools for tomorrow will require leaders who are passionately, obsessively, creatively and steadfastly committed to enhancing students‟ learning†. Strong leadership attributes are necessary for the success of any institution and the school is no exception. Research findings by Silins and Mulford (2002) suggest that the learning outcomes by students are enhanced when leadership sources are distributed throughout the school community. From this paper, it is clear that leadership is not the province of any one person and the contribution of teacher leaders is great. Teacher leadership requires a fundamental shift in organizational thinking about leadership since every person (teacher) can in one way or another demonstrate leadership (Zehr, 2001). This is contrary to the traditional focus by organizations on positional leadership. By adopting this new view on leader ship, schools can harness the expertise of all teachers and hence propel the school to greater heights. Conclusion This paper set out to discuss what teacher-leaders need to know and do in order to contribute effectively to school improvement and better student learning outcomes in the Saudi Arabian Context. From this paper, it has been highlighted that the Saudi education system is mostly characterized by high centralization which may inhibits teacher leadership since great emphasis is placed on the role played by formal leaders. In addition to this, most teachers lack any formal or informal leadership experiences which they can use in the school. In spite of this, it has been revealed that teachers in Saudi Arabia wish to play a more prominent role in the development of the school. Effective leadership requires effective leaders and with this understanding, this paper has demonstrated the ways in which teachers in Saudi Arabia can become better leaders. By engaging in the practice s suggested in this paper, all organizational members in the school can become leaders and influence others towards improved educational practices. References Al-Abbas, A.M. (2010). Leadership Activities and Behaviours that Enable Classroom Teachers. Retrieved from: https://researchcommons.waikato.ac.nz/bitstream/handle/10289/4942/thesis.pdf;jsessionid=556C68C8C1165E2A88B284F49ED38DB7?sequence=3 Alexander, H.V. (2011). Teaching Leadership to Female Students in Saudi Arabia. Advancing Women in Leadership, 31 (2): 199-212. Childs-Bowen, D., Moller, G., Scrivner. J. (2000). Principals: Leaders of leaders. National Association of Secondary School Principals (NASSP) Bulletin, 84(616): 27–34. Coles, M. J., Southworth, G. (2005). Developing leadership: Creating the schools of tomorrow. Maidenhead, England: Open University Press. Crowther, F., Kaagen, S. S., Ferguson, M., Hann, L. (2002). Developing teacher leaders: How teacher leadership enhances school success. Thousand Oaks, CA : Corwin Press. Danielson, C. (2007). The many faces of leadership. Educational Leadership, 65(1). Gronn, P. (2003). The new work of educational leaders: Changing leadership practice in an era of school reform. London, UK: Sage. Hinchey, P. (1997). Teacher leadership: Introduction. The Clearing House, 70(5): 233. Harris, A. (2004). Distributed leadership and school improvement: Leading or misleading? Educational Management and Administration, 32(1): 11-24. Ingersoll, R. M. (2003). Who controls teachers’ work? Power and accountability in America’s Schools. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Katzenmeyer, M., Moller, G. (2001). Awakening the sleeping giant: Helping teachers develop as leaders (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin Press. Leithwood, K., Begley, P. T., Cousins, J. B. (1994). Developing expert leadership for future schools. London, UK: Falmer. Millwater, J., Ehrich, L. C. (2009). Teacher leadership: Interns crossing to the domain of higher professiona l learning with mentors? Refereed paper presented at ‘Teacher education crossing borders: Cultures, contexts, communities and curriculum’ the annual conference of the Australian Teacher Education Association (ATEA) Albury. Rugh, A. W. (2002). Education in Saudi Arabia: choices and constraints. Middle East Policy, 9 (2). Sashkin, G. (2003). Leadership that matters: the critical factors for making a difference in people’s lives and organizations’ success. Boston: Berrett-Koehler Publishers. Sergiovanni, T. (1998). Leadership as pedagogy: Capital development and school effectiveness. International Journal of Leadership in Education, 1(1), 37-46. Silins, H., Mulford, B. (2002). Leadership and school results. Second international handbook of educational leadership and administration. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer. Sunal, C. Kagendo, M. (2008). Undertaking educational challenges in the 21st century: research from the field. Alabama: IAP. Solmon, L. C., Wh ite, J. T., Cohen, C., Woo, D. (2007). The effectiveness of the Teacher Advancement Program (TAP). Santa Monica, CA: National Institute for Excellence in Teaching. Taylor, P.H., Johnson, M. (1974). Curriculum Development. London: NFER. Walker. C. (2004). Women and leadership: A female private institute for higher education, Al Nour College, in Saudi Arabia. Retrieved from: www.mbifoundation.com Zehr M. A. (2001). Teacher leadership should be strengthened, report says. Education Week, 20 (32): 5. This critical writing on Teacher-Leaders: What they need to know and do to Contribute to School Improvement was written and submitted by user Jeram1ah to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Bullying in School Has Become Serious Issue Essay Example

Bullying in School Has Become Serious Issue Essay Example Bullying in School Has Become Serious Issue Essay Bullying in School Has Become Serious Issue Essay Essay Topic: Middle School Is bullying a part of a more normal aspect of children’s behavior? Has bulling become a more serious problem? The answer is yes! I remember that at one point in my middle school years, I was bullied. Fortunately it didn’t get too serious because my parents moved me from the school I was attending. Not everyone has that luck. CNN reported Just prior to his death he was stripped nude, tied up and again placed into a trashcan, (Kuo, 2011, para. 4). This happened to Jon Carmichael, 13, who committed suicide, hanging himself after being bullied. Bullying is defined as when a teen’s behavior is purposefully meant to harm or disturb another child, when it occurs repeatedly over time. Further, bullying behaviors include anything from verbal belittling regarding race, looks or speech, hitting, pushing or slapping. It also includes rumors, sexual comments or gestures. Many argue that there is no real way to prevent bullying. Kids will be kids and that is all there is to it. But, because of the incredibly negative effects that have recently been found to occur to the victims of bullying, there has been an active effort to limit bullying. The solutions are easy ones, and easy to practice. Often times, students fall victim to the bystander effect, simply by letting the bullying occur. It is in the hands of the kids and the teachers. The teachers need to listen and watch. They have to pick up on the clues that a child is being bullied. As for students, to embrace the victim is to tell the bully that what they are doing is unacceptable. The bully will stop if the bully knows that they are not getting the kind of attention they sought through bullying. It is a group effort, and an effort that is worth it. According to Indicators of School Crime Safety, bullying continues to be a serious problem, particularly in middle schools, where 10% of students in grades 6 and 7 reported to be bullied, compared to 5% of students in grades 8 and 9, (Indicators of School Crime Safety, 2000, p. 13). Parents also have to get involved in the situation. First, listen to your child. Many fail to do this. Just talking about the problem and knowing that you care can be helpful and comforting. Make sure that your child knows that you do not blame or feel disappointed in him or her. Encourage your child not to retaliate against the bully or to let the bully see how much he or she has upset your child. Getting a response just reinforces the bullying behavior. Tell your child that if at all possible, he or she should stay calm and respond evenly or firmly. Some children find it works to just say nothing and walk away. At other times, it can be more effective to make a joke, laugh at oneself, or to use humor to defuse the situation. Finally, encourage your child to go immediately to a teacher, principal or any other nearby adult. Bullied victims should be encouraged to form strong friendships. Those who have loyal friends are less likely to be singled out by a bully. So, yes! Bullying has become a serious problem that can lead to death. It is important for parents, teachers and principals to increase supervision on students. Parents need to know who their child is spending time with. Schools need an anonymous hotline line, in which students can report any bullying. If the bullying continues, you need to seek help for your child. Without intervention, bullying can lead to serious academic, social, emotional and legal difficulties. Talk to your childs pediatrician, teacher, principal, school counselor, or your family physician. If the bullying continues, a comprehensive evaluation by a child and adolescent psychiatrist or other mental health professional should be arranged. The evaluation can help you and your child understand what is causing the bullying and help you develop a plan to stop the destructive behavior.

Bullying in School Has Become Serious Issue Essay Example

Bullying in School Has Become Serious Issue Essay Example Bullying in School Has Become Serious Issue Essay Bullying in School Has Become Serious Issue Essay Essay Topic: Middle School Is bullying a part of a more normal aspect of children’s behavior? Has bulling become a more serious problem? The answer is yes! I remember that at one point in my middle school years, I was bullied. Fortunately it didn’t get too serious because my parents moved me from the school I was attending. Not everyone has that luck. CNN reported Just prior to his death he was stripped nude, tied up and again placed into a trashcan, (Kuo, 2011, para. 4). This happened to Jon Carmichael, 13, who committed suicide, hanging himself after being bullied. Bullying is defined as when a teen’s behavior is purposefully meant to harm or disturb another child, when it occurs repeatedly over time. Further, bullying behaviors include anything from verbal belittling regarding race, looks or speech, hitting, pushing or slapping. It also includes rumors, sexual comments or gestures. Many argue that there is no real way to prevent bullying. Kids will be kids and that is all there is to it. But, because of the incredibly negative effects that have recently been found to occur to the victims of bullying, there has been an active effort to limit bullying. The solutions are easy ones, and easy to practice. Often times, students fall victim to the bystander effect, simply by letting the bullying occur. It is in the hands of the kids and the teachers. The teachers need to listen and watch. They have to pick up on the clues that a child is being bullied. As for students, to embrace the victim is to tell the bully that what they are doing is unacceptable. The bully will stop if the bully knows that they are not getting the kind of attention they sought through bullying. It is a group effort, and an effort that is worth it. According to Indicators of School Crime Safety, bullying continues to be a serious problem, particularly in middle schools, where 10% of students in grades 6 and 7 reported to be bullied, compared to 5% of students in grades 8 and 9, (Indicators of School Crime Safety, 2000, p. 13). Parents also have to get involved in the situation. First, listen to your child. Many fail to do this. Just talking about the problem and knowing that you care can be helpful and comforting. Make sure that your child knows that you do not blame or feel disappointed in him or her. Encourage your child not to retaliate against the bully or to let the bully see how much he or she has upset your child. Getting a response just reinforces the bullying behavior. Tell your child that if at all possible, he or she should stay calm and respond evenly or firmly. Some children find it works to just say nothing and walk away. At other times, it can be more effective to make a joke, laugh at oneself, or to use humor to defuse the situation. Finally, encourage your child to go immediately to a teacher, principal or any other nearby adult. Bullied victims should be encouraged to form strong friendships. Those who have loyal friends are less likely to be singled out by a bully. So, yes! Bullying has become a serious problem that can lead to death. It is important for parents, teachers and principals to increase supervision on students. Parents need to know who their child is spending time with. Schools need an anonymous hotline line, in which students can report any bullying. If the bullying continues, you need to seek help for your child. Without intervention, bullying can lead to serious academic, social, emotional and legal difficulties. Talk to your childs pediatrician, teacher, principal, school counselor, or your family physician. If the bullying continues, a comprehensive evaluation by a child and adolescent psychiatrist or other mental health professional should be arranged. The evaluation can help you and your child understand what is causing the bullying and help you develop a plan to stop the destructive behavior.

Bullying in School Has Become Serious Issue Essay Example

Bullying in School Has Become Serious Issue Essay Example Bullying in School Has Become Serious Issue Essay Bullying in School Has Become Serious Issue Essay Essay Topic: Middle School Is bullying a part of a more normal aspect of children’s behavior? Has bulling become a more serious problem? The answer is yes! I remember that at one point in my middle school years, I was bullied. Fortunately it didn’t get too serious because my parents moved me from the school I was attending. Not everyone has that luck. CNN reported Just prior to his death he was stripped nude, tied up and again placed into a trashcan, (Kuo, 2011, para. 4). This happened to Jon Carmichael, 13, who committed suicide, hanging himself after being bullied. Bullying is defined as when a teen’s behavior is purposefully meant to harm or disturb another child, when it occurs repeatedly over time. Further, bullying behaviors include anything from verbal belittling regarding race, looks or speech, hitting, pushing or slapping. It also includes rumors, sexual comments or gestures. Many argue that there is no real way to prevent bullying. Kids will be kids and that is all there is to it. But, because of the incredibly negative effects that have recently been found to occur to the victims of bullying, there has been an active effort to limit bullying. The solutions are easy ones, and easy to practice. Often times, students fall victim to the bystander effect, simply by letting the bullying occur. It is in the hands of the kids and the teachers. The teachers need to listen and watch. They have to pick up on the clues that a child is being bullied. As for students, to embrace the victim is to tell the bully that what they are doing is unacceptable. The bully will stop if the bully knows that they are not getting the kind of attention they sought through bullying. It is a group effort, and an effort that is worth it. According to Indicators of School Crime Safety, bullying continues to be a serious problem, particularly in middle schools, where 10% of students in grades 6 and 7 reported to be bullied, compared to 5% of students in grades 8 and 9, (Indicators of School Crime Safety, 2000, p. 13). Parents also have to get involved in the situation. First, listen to your child. Many fail to do this. Just talking about the problem and knowing that you care can be helpful and comforting. Make sure that your child knows that you do not blame or feel disappointed in him or her. Encourage your child not to retaliate against the bully or to let the bully see how much he or she has upset your child. Getting a response just reinforces the bullying behavior. Tell your child that if at all possible, he or she should stay calm and respond evenly or firmly. Some children find it works to just say nothing and walk away. At other times, it can be more effective to make a joke, laugh at oneself, or to use humor to defuse the situation. Finally, encourage your child to go immediately to a teacher, principal or any other nearby adult. Bullied victims should be encouraged to form strong friendships. Those who have loyal friends are less likely to be singled out by a bully. So, yes! Bullying has become a serious problem that can lead to death. It is important for parents, teachers and principals to increase supervision on students. Parents need to know who their child is spending time with. Schools need an anonymous hotline line, in which students can report any bullying. If the bullying continues, you need to seek help for your child. Without intervention, bullying can lead to serious academic, social, emotional and legal difficulties. Talk to your childs pediatrician, teacher, principal, school counselor, or your family physician. If the bullying continues, a comprehensive evaluation by a child and adolescent psychiatrist or other mental health professional should be arranged. The evaluation can help you and your child understand what is causing the bullying and help you develop a plan to stop the destructive behavior.

Korean War MiG-15 Communist Jet Fighter

Korean War MiG-15 Communist Jet Fighter In the immediate wake of World War II, the Soviet Union captured a wealth of German jet engine and aeronautical research. Utilizing this, they produced their first practical jet fighter, the MiG-9, in early 1946. While capable, this aircraft lacked the top speed of the standard American jets of the day, such as the P-80 Shooting Star. Though MiG-9 was operational, Russian designers continued to have issues perfecting the German HeS-011 axial-flow jet engine. As a result, airframe designs produced by Artem Mikoyan and Mikhail Gurevichs design bureau began to outpace the ability to produce engines to power them. While the Soviets struggled with developing jet engines, the British had created advanced centrifugal flow engines. In 1946, Soviet aviation minister Mikhail Khrunichev and aircraft designer Alexander Yakovlev approached Premier Joseph Stalin with the suggestion of buying several British jet engines. Though not believing that the British would part with such advanced technology, Stalin gave them permission to contact London. Much to their surprise, the new Labour government of Clement Atlee, which was friendlier towards the Soviets, agreed to the sale of several Rolls-Royce Nene engines along with a licensing agreement for overseas production. Bringing the engines to the Soviet Union, engine designer Vladimir Klimov immediately began reverse-engineering the design. The result was the Klimov RD-45. With the engine issue effectively resolved, the Council of Ministers issued decree #493-192 on April 15, 1947, calling for two prototypes for a new jet fighter. Design time was limited as the decree called for test flights in December. Due to the limited time allowed, designers at MiG elected to use the MiG-9 as a starting point. Modifying the aircraft to include swept wings and a redesigned tail, they soon produced the I-310. Possessing a clean appearance, the I-310 was capable of 650 mph and defeated the Lavochkin La-168 in trials. Re-designated the MiG-15, the first production aircraft flew December 31, 1948. Entering service in 1949, it was given the NATO reporting name Fagot. Principally intended for intercepting American bombers, such as the B-29 Superfortress, the MiG-15 was equipped with two 23 mm cannon and one 37 mm cannon. MiG-15 Operational History The first upgrade to the aircraft came in 1950, with the arrival of the MiG-15bis. While the aircraft contained numerous minor improvements, it also possessed the new Klimov VK-1 engine and external hardpoints for rockets and bombs. Widely exported, the Soviet Union provided the new aircraft to the Peoples Republic of China. First seeing combat at the end of the Chinese Civil War, the MiG-15 was flown by Soviet pilots from the 50th IAD. The aircraft scored its first kill on April 28, 1950, when one downed a Nationalist Chinese P-38 Lightning. With the outbreak of the Korean War in June 1950, the North Koreans began operations flying a variety of piston-engine fighters. These were soon swept from the sky by American jets and B-29 formations began a systematic aerial campaign against the North Koreans. With the Chinese entry into the conflict, the MiG-15 began to appear in the skies over Korea. Quickly proving superior to straight-wing American jets such as the F-80 and F-84 Thunderjet, the MiG-15 temporarily gave the Chinese the advantage in the air and ultimately forced United Nations forces to halt daylight bombing. MiG Alley The MiG-15s arrival compelled the US Air Force to begin deploying the new F-86 Sabre to Korea. Arriving on the scene, the Sabre restored balance to the air war. In comparison, the F-86 could out dive and out turn the MiG-15, but was inferior in rate of climb, ceiling, and acceleration. Though the Sabre was a more stable gun platform, the MiG-15s all-cannon armament was more effective than the American aircrafts six .50 cal. machine guns. In addition, the MiG benefited from the rugged construction typical of Russian aircraft which made it difficult to bring down. The most famous engagements involving the MiG-15 and F-86 occurred over northwestern North Korea in an area known a MiG Alley. In this area, Sabres and MiGs frequently dueled, making it the birthplace of jet vs. jet aerial combat. Throughout the conflict, many MiG-15s were covertly flown by experienced Soviet pilots. When encountering American opposition, these pilots often were evenly matched. As many of the American pilots were veterans of World War II, they tended to have the upper hand when facing MiGs flown by North Korean or Chinese pilots. Later Years Eager to inspect the MiG-15, the United States offered a bounty of $100,000 to any enemy pilot who defected with an aircraft. This offer was taken up by Lieutenant No Kum-Sok who defected on November 21, 1953. At the end of the war, the US Air Force claimed a kill ratio of around 10 to 1 for MiG-Sabre battles. Recent research has challenged this and suggested that the ratio was much lower. In the years after Korea, the MiG-15 equipped many of the Soviet Unions Warsaw Pact allies as well as numerous other countries around the world. Several MiG-15s flew with the Egyptian Air Force during the 1956 Suez Crisis, though their pilots were routinely beaten by the Israelis. The MiG-15 also saw extended service with the Peoples Republic of China under the designation J-2. These Chinese MiGs frequently skirmished with Republic of China aircraft around the Straits of Taiwan during the 1950s. Largely replaced in Soviet service by the MiG-17, the MiG-15 remained in many countries arsenals into the 1970s. Trainer versions of the aircraft continued to fly for another twenty to thirty years with some nations. MiG-15bis Specifications General Length:  33 ft. 2 in.Wingspan:  33 ft. 1 in.Height:  12 ft. 2 in.Wing Area:  221.74  sq. ft.Empty Weight:  7,900 lbs.Crew:  1 Performance Power Plant:  1 Ãâ€" Klimov VK-1 turbojetRange:  745 milesMax Speed:  668 mphCeiling:  50,850 ft. Armament 2 x NR-23 23mm cannons in lower left fuselage1 x Nudelman N-37 37 mm cannon in lower right fuselage2 x 220 lb. bombs, drop tanks, or unguided rockets on underwing hardpoints Selected Sources Warbird Alley: MiG-15Aviation History: MiG-15Military Factory: MiG-15 (Fagot)

Hulse Letters Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 2

Hulse Letters - Assignment Example In letters written by Hulse to his mother, the soldiers are seen determined, hardworking and impatient in the first months when preparing for battle, in his first letter he enthusiastically explains to his mother about their work in the mobilization of machinery and the soldiers readiness to set them in motion at any time, he talks animatedly about their position and the strengths of the British and French forces and fleet as compared to the German side.1 In his second letter he hinted of the start of the battle and talks about delivering a lecture to his platoon, he reminded them of their duty to their country, discipline and the treatment of all inhabitants with kindness. This is a depiction of a good leader setting an example for his fellow countrymen and giving them the necessary confidence and attitude to carry into the battlefield. As a leader he vows to set an example in his home or abroad when serving his country and king.2 The weather conditions in the field were wet and dreary, at first it hot and the temperatures inconveniencing, however the battalion and all its soldiers were fit and healthy raring to go on. These conditions changed after some time and the hot temperatures gave way to cold winds and rainfall, the poor weather conditions kept on deteriorating with heavy rains and sheets of snow and sleet. The trenches that had been dug in the fields would often flood and this would be uncomfortable and would dampen the soldiers and their drive.3 Due to the unpleasant conditions in the trenches and poor sanitation, the soldiers would get sick quite often due to the dampness that followed. The author got sick with dysentery and had to be lifted from the trenches with a high fever and barely conscious.4 These poor conditions saw the French hospitals overflowing with the soldiers who were sick due to the incessant rain and cold. This would

IN6 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

IN6 - Essay Example Inspirations appear from the region of controlling configurations of ground or in-flight vehicles with purposes in air travel organize, satellite grouping, mechanical highways, movable robotics and movable sensor networks. One of the major aims is to attain a synchronized purpose while employing merely confined information. Due to their recurrent expression in multi-agent schemes, active networks have previously established considerable attention. In a determination of local connectedness of a network is brought in that below positive conditions is enough for global connectedness (Alben et al, 2002). This main focus of this paper is to see this technique in organizational management prospective. In an era when "always accessible, forever connected" has turn out to be the standard anticipation in business, benevolent employees the aptitude to access appliance and real-time data and information could be serious for a companys continued existence. Though a number of industries applications are inexorably client based, a lot of of the center business procedure applications, like that CRM, sales strength automation, and electronic mail, are network based facilities and utilities. In addition, in business situations where teamwork and information distribution are serious, it commonly creates the most intelligence to influence the corporate network as an electronic warehouse of information and possessions. In both of these statements, offering Distributed connectivity and real-time access to the mainly current information be able to be serious to member of employees effectiveness and, normally, to the fulfillment of the enterprises clientele (Deshmukh et al, 1993). This section elaborates why we need this technique for the original management? Here it is described that how this technique can provide effective project management approach and facilitate the project manager. While end-to-end direct connectivity was a necessity

Strategies for Policy Formation

Strategies for Policy Formation Loui Rhey C. Irang Problem Identification In order to truly understand the development of the policy, problem should be identified. In the setting of policy analysis, the idea of problem definition has long been introduced as the most critical and demanding task fronting the experts. The ÂÅ ½ first concern of problem definition is acknowledgement that problems do not exist in the workplace. The second concern suggests that definitions of problems in the setting of practice must meet the standards of feasibility and worth for improvement thus policy analysis is explained as identifying and shaping problems worth solving. Agenda setting considers policy change as a way to policymakers changing their inclination based on observation and needs of improvement and policies to be discontinued also are observed from time to time. Political model tend to discuss policy development as the product of changes in the arrangement of main interests. It states that somewhat the implied understanding that policy improvements are the product of the combination between power and ideas and adapting their objective to new circumstances. Learning is part of the policy making process in a way that policy assessment follows implementation and leads to correction and termination. Policy formation The definitive policy that is selected to resolve a certain issue at hand is reliant on two influences. First, the policy must be a legal way of solving the certain issues in the most effective and feasible way probable. Efficient formulation involves investigation and identification of alternative ways to solving issues. Secondly, policies need to be politically feasible so in other words policy should be plausible. Acceptable formulation must come in a political part that involves the approval of policies by genuine decision makers. This is typically accomplished through standard building in a negotiating or bargaining process. Policy formulation therefore is, composed of investigation that recognizes the most acceptable and effective policies and political agreement. Adoption After formulation of policies, it should have to be adopted by significant organisations of government in directive to be put it into effect. Adoption can be influenced by the similar issues that affect what factors move into the earlier point of agenda building. For example, policies that address the improved situations crises often carried on and can often be adopted immediately. Temporarily, influential interest organisations can use their political impact to regulate what policies are to be adopted. The media also plays an important key role in adaption of policy. When journalism and reporting are balanced, it can deliver an opportunity where discussion over numerous cases for policy adoption comes into place. When the media shows a favourable preference, it can improve a policy proposals chance of adoption. And on the other hand, an unfavourable media preference may weaken a policy proposal. Policy Implementation The next step after putting policy adoption into effect is the implementation of the policy. Effective implementation is dependent on three elements: First, policies must be approved by the government and local government officials to the proper assistance within the government administration. Therefore, a policy intended to impose traffic safety by limiting on the quantity of drunk drivers would be first submitted to law enforcement officials for approval then for implementation. If there is no present agency that has the abilities to carry out a certain policy, new agencies must be recognized and operated. The second element vital to efficient implementation of policy is a clear interpretation. Legislative objective must be expounded into operational rules and guidelines. Vagueness in this period can lead to participation by the judiciary that will lead the legislators to explain their conclusions and worth for policy implementation. Judiciary may override the policies’ implementation where legislative commitment cannot be effectively rendered into appropriate operating guidelines and rules The final element required in effective implementation of policy is difficult to accomplish. The commitment of resources under the first element must be combined with coordination of the policy to implement the policy with on-going operations. A new edge or agency must not cause extreme competition or disagreement with current agencies. Policy implementation should be on great deal of direction to avoid further complication when policies are being submitted to the agencies. Policy formulation is frequently the result of cooperation and representative use of politics. Implementation executes a large amount of both decision and confusion in initiatives or agencies that implement policies. Bureaucracy should be competent enough to help in the policy implementation process. Policy Evaluation The last policy process is policy evaluation. Policy evaluation can happen at different times. Organisation Administrators pursuing to develop operations may assess policies as they are in implementation. Policies can be further evaluated to understand their overall effectiveness after policies have been implemented. There are many ways policies may be evaluated but they can be often not evaluated at all. Scientific and formal research consume a lot of time, costly and complicated to design and to implement. Policy evaluation also tends to be contaminated with unfairness unlike more informal evaluations concentrated on stories and feedbacks are more manageable. 2. Workplace As a healthcare professional I might advocate to influence policies with regards to workplace culture. Workplace culture is centred on the shared attitudes and values including belief towards work outlooks within the organisation and business. It is important to give respect to organisation and workforce culture. It is vital to develop a workplace culture that redirects organisation’s own values as the administrator or business owner. It is why in this case hiring the right staff is such an important element in the on-going success of the business. Setting out clear lines of communication is important as you introduce policies to the business or organisation, it is significant to set out a plan for communication ensuring each new policy is presented and introduced to the workforce in the similar way. It’s also significant to take note that communication comes in two ways as both the owner and the management workforce should encourage the staffs to share their input to t he process. Best ideas sometimes come from staff who usually facing customers Government and professional organisation As number of aged people is constantly increasing in the country, it is important for the Government to allocate enough funding to healthcare facilities that will address needs in the Aged care. As a healthcare professional, I will advocate these needs through convincing professional organisation for the Aged, who are recognized by the government, to promote this advocacy to the government. Professional organisations for aged care may have the proficient knowledge of the issue in promoting the idea of government funding as their organisation or group is related to the healthcare promotion trying to rise. They can direct the point right way to the legislators. Community Volunteering in a local community can be tempting to think that national policy creates slight difference to what people do. As a healthcare professional, I would like to advocate to the homicides connecting mental disability. It is safe to the country to be free from discrimination and crime rates. In terms of discrimination, mentally ill individuals should have fair and therapeutic way of treatment. In terms of crime rate, government should implement strict policy in thorough assessment of mentally ill individuals. Further research in diagnosing, assessing and treating should be done. In this case, mentally ill individual will not be released in the mental health services if not properly rehabilitated and treated. Follow-up observation after discharge should be included in the policy. In this case, crime rates relating mental illness will decrease. 3. A. Garbage can model The garbage can model, talking about the uncharted field of organizational chaos which is categorized by problematic preference, technology that is not clear and fluid participation, tried to develop organizational decision theory. The theoretical development of the garbage can model is it disconnects organisational problems, decision makers and solutions from each other, unlike the traditional decision theory. Definite decisions do not entail a methodical process from problem to resolution, but are results of numerous reasonably independent streams of measures within the organization. Political Bargaining model The political bargaining model sees organisations as screaming and alive political arenas that involve a multifaceted variety of entities and interest groups. An organisation is considered as an association of dissimilar interest, it sees the organisation as having conflicting and multiple goals which change as the balance of changes in power. In this system, decisions and outcomes are the product of the bargaining behaviour. Interest groups and individuals come in into bargaining circumstances in a way to affect decision making and goals in the system. Bargaining is continued as long as they believe that they will get benefit from resuming on participating in the process. Individuals not need to settle on values and goals. Bargaining is only they agreed on. B. Structured Decisions Structured Decision Making is an organized method to recognizing and assessing resourceful options and building selections in complex decision circumstances. SDM is planned to bring understanding to decision or judgment makers about how well their goal and objectives may be contented by probable substitute courses of action. It more focuses and helps find ‘win-win’ resolutions across groups, illuminates the complicated interchanges that are present and may exist between different potential sequences of action and aids to communicate how individuals perspective on these various options. Key Ideas includes Structured Decision Making uses laborious methods established in the decision and healthcare sciences. Structured Decision Making is predominantly useful for decisions concerning the combination of technical investigation with value-based discussions. Structured Decision Making has been amended for spot decisions and is accommodating for assisting multiple disciplinary stakeholder involvement and technical planning. Unstructured decisions The unstructured decisions are the unexpected and non-programmed decisions that are happening for the first time for example, dealing with a labour strike in the company. At the other finale of the range are unstructured decisions. Unstructured decision may have the same mechanisms as structured decision components like process, data, and evaluation. There is little agreement on their nature. Unstructured decisions, for instance, each decision maker may use dissimilar processes and data to grasp an assumption. The organization qualified to evaluate the decision may only have a limited number of people because of the nature of the decision. It is therefore concluded that unstructured decisions are prepared through instances in which all components of the organisation’s business environment customer, competitor response expectations, cost of obtaining raw materials and others are not totally assumed. Unstructured decision systems usually focus on the persons who or the group that will mark the decision and judgement. These decision makers are typically trusted with decisions that are unstructured because of their expertise and experience; it is their distinct ability that is of worth. Strategic decisions Chosen substitute that influence significant factors which conclude the achievement of an organizations decision strategy. To compare it, a strategic decision influence the daily implementation of steps required to reach the goals of a strategy. Strategic decisions are those which influence the long term presentation of the business and which are directly related to its purposes and objectives. They are commonly taken at the uppermost levels of management and bring higher levels of risk. The advantage However, effective strategic decisions bring high levels of reward. Operational decisions Operational decisions happen and take place on a day to day basis and are made in perspective or view of the risk to the organisation business. More often these decisions are in nature administrative in a way and can be done and implemented rapidly and tend to bring tiny risk. Talking about an organisation that all employees at different level yield and do operational decisions daily, an instance might be when to arrange and re-order a specific thing of stock and another could be to define number of how many operative staff will be compulsory to complete a certain task. Operational administrative decisions scale may be small, but are however still important selections that individuals have to make to achieve their roles. As other employees are working in an open culture, where there is also discussion of information and communal trust, they sense empowerment to take and do decisions. This sense and feeling of empowerment mean that the organisation paybacks from speed nature of decision or judgement. Open lines of communication inspire coming in and free flow of accurate and reliable information. These things lead to better together, learned decision-making at all levels. Reference Electronic Source: Boundless. â€Å"Policy Formulation.† Boundless Political Science. Boundless, 03 Jul. 2014. Retrieved 18 Nov. 2014 from https://www.boundless.com/political-science/textbooks/boundless-political-science-textbook/domestic-policy-15/policy-making-process-95/policy-formulation-514-6174/ http://www.hdc.org.nz/media/200416/factsheet%20two%20-%20homicide%20and%20mental%20illness.pdf http://businesscasestudies.co.uk/npower/developing-people-through-decision-making/operational-decisions.html#ixzz3JY2SdiiC

Advertising Campign of Nutella

[pic] TABLE OF CONTENTS |S. No: |Contents |Pg. No: | |01 |LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL |03 | |02 |ACKNOWLEDGMENT |04 | |03 |EXECUTIVE SUMMARY |05 | |04 |BACKGROUND/OVERVIEW |06 | |05 |OBJECTIVE OF THE COMPAIGN |07 | |06 |TARGET AUDIENCE |09 | |07 |STATEMENT TO ACHIEVE THE OBJECTIVE |10 | |08 |RATIONAL & EMOTIONAL REASONS TO BELIEVE & BUY |11 | |09 |COMPETITION |12 | |09 |COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE |12 | |10 |COMPETITORS |13 | |11 |SWOT ANALYSIS |14 | |12 |PRINT AD (HALF PAGE) |15 | |13 |PRINT AD (FULL PAGE) |16 | |14 |STORYBOARD |17 | LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL B. B. A FALL 2011 PAF-KIET DECEMBER, 2011 SIR SYED HASSAN AZIM PAF-KIET DEAR MR. AZIM WE HAVE MUCH PLEASURE IN SUBMITTING THE REPORT ON â€Å"NUTELLA†. PRAISE TO ALMIGHTY ALLAH, OMNIPOTENT AND OMNISCIENT WHO BESTOWED UPON US THE POTENTIAL AND ABILITY TO ACCOMPLISH THIS WORK. WE WISH TO EXPRESS DEEP SENSE OF SINCERE GRATITUDE FOR THE SUPPORT, HELPFUL SUGGESTION, CONSTRUCTIVE CRITICISM AND ENCOURAGEMENT TO YOU, GENEROUSLY EXTENDED TO US IN OUR WORK. WE HAVE COMPLETED THIS REPORT TO THE BEST OF OUR KNOWLEDGE AND CAPABILITIES. WE HOPE THIS REPORT COME UP TO THE MARK. YOUR’S SINCERELY, FAIZA KHAN (234) ACKNOWLEDGMENT WE ARE FIRST & FOREMOST THANKFUL TO ALMIGHTY ALLAH FOR GIVING US THE STRENGTH & CAPABILITY TO ACCOMPLISH THIS TASK. WE ARE ALSO THANKFUL TO OUT INSTRUCTOR SIR HASAN AZIM FOR PROVIDING US IMMENSE KNOWLEDGE OF THE COURSE THAT HELPED US IN OUR PROJECT COMPLETION. WE THANK THE PEOPLE WHO ACTED IN OUR TVC. AND LAST BUT NOT THE LEAST OUR PARENTS, FOR ALL THEIR LOVE & SUPPORT. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY THIS REPORT IS BASED ON THE NEW ADVERTISING CAMPAIGN OF NUTELLA, THE CHOCOLATE SPREAD. REPORT INCLUDES THE INTRODUCTION & CURRENT POSITIONING OF NUTELLA & THE NEW ONE THAT WE ARE PROPOSING. WE HAVE ALSO EXPLAINED THE TARGET MARKET, & HAVE DESIGNED THE CAMPAIGN IN A WAY THAT IT CAN ATTRACT THE ACTUAL & POTENTIAL CONSUMERS EMOTIONALLY AS WELL AS RATIONALLY. REPORT INCLUDES THE STORYBOARD OF THE TVC, RATIONALE BEHIND THAT, THE TAG LINE, SWOT ANALYSIS & SEVERAL OTHER RELATED THINGS. BACKGROUND This remarkable story began in 1946, in Italy, where, after the war, candy and confections wherein short supply and were purchased mainly for special occasions from the local sweet shop. It was here in northwestern Italy in the small town of Alba, that master confectioner Pietro Ferrero developed a system that enabled him to mass-produce true quality confections and offer them to consumers at reasonable prices. That original Ferrero philosophy was based on a few simple principles: ? Use only the highest-quality ingredients ? Be unique! Never copy anyone else; then Manufacture with the most modern technology Add to that, procedures for ensuring consumers taste only the freshest possible product, as well as some very clever marketing, and the Ferrero story began to unfold. Ferrero is company founded in 1946 in Alba. Originally from pastry shop, today Ferrero International is the world’s fourth largest companies in the confectionery Market. OVERVIEW Nutella chocolate spread is launching in local market although it’s available locally but a wide range of people have some confusion or not familiar with its usage and nutritious value. We are adding a variant which suits to our local environmental need. The competition locally is not very severe b/c people not aware of the product. And no company doing any sort of awareness campaign regarding it. Our product is not just. A chocolate spread but we link a high quality nutritious ingredients in it. The problem which we can face is creating product acceptability regarding its real core values. Locally we don’t have very strong competitor and to some extent imported items. So this is also an opportunity for us that locally no other company doing any sort of promotion and doing any product awareness activities. So it gives us a competitive edge. But the main point of differentiation which itself is very strong is the quality and its nutritious values. We are trying to focus children and mothers. Creating awareness among them and create a high acceptance and proper usage of it among them. The one more reason to target them is that they have a strong impact on buying decision. We just want to endorse it as a quality product which met the requirement of the growing child. PRODUCT DESCRIPTION The product we take is the chocolate spread popular among the children. The product under NUTELLA brand is of very high quality, richer in texture and awesome in taste. Along with it, it’s really nutritious. Something new coming up in this umbrella brand. And we have done it by our pre-research campaign. In that we conduct three focus groups and take expert opinion with different doctors and nutritionist. So what’s new [pic] The upcoming new market champ is inducing a power of strength in every mama’s child. That is CHOCLATE SPREAD WITH ALMOND designed especially according to our local environment. [pic] OBECTIVE OF THE CAMPAIGN We took a product NUTELLA. And in this line no company doing any sort of promotion. A very few people know about these products although they exist in market. People use it but a very large no. of people doesn’t know about the products about its nutritious values and usage. We use it in many ways by doing little variations. Enjoy different taste, texture and awesome recipes. We can use it alone it is also very tasty and nutritious. Nutrition consider it a complete meal (covering 60% of your breakfast requirement). A healthy food for growing children’s and has very high acceptance and likability by growing child. The consumer is going to accept it because of its multipurpose usage. We can use it as it is. It’s ready to eat. It has high nutritious values. Multipurpose use in different range of products like in baking, toping, in dessert, for shakes etc As we all know Nutella already like and accepted by the market. So the new line range are highly accepted by the people who already like and accepted it as a nutritious product and prefer it for their child. They like new range of it and accepted. They got new options and variety of range in taste. Now to make our product successful we have to maintain that trust and belief of our potential customer. We have to assure quality and taste richness and variability of line. The objective of our campaign designed for Nutella is based on multiple objectives that are described below: TO INCREASE AWARENESS As we all know many chocolate spreads available in the market. Customers usually are not aware of the product and do not have brand differentiation in this line. We are tried to create market awareness for the product along with brand differentiation. We focus on its quality and its nutritious values. Ultimately, our prime objective is to generate awareness. Our campaign is basically designed for the purpose of letting the viewers know what NUTELLA is. TO PROMOTE USAGE The second objective of the campaign was to promote product usage. We do not only intend to make people aware of it, but also to convince them on its regular usage. We have showed in our TVC that Nutella is not a brand that is consumed once in a while; in fact it is a product that should be used on daily basis may it be breakfast, brunch, or the supper for that reason. It must be part of your daily breakfast line. Besides, we promote its multi usage like in baking, toping, in dessert, for shakes etc. Enjoy different taste, texture and awesome recipes. [pic] [pic] STATEMENT TO ACHIEVE THE OBJECTIVE MAGIC OF MAMA HMMMMMMMMMMMMM †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ YUMMY! This is the line that attracts us most because it captures our whole idea. We can define it from three perspectives. First of all it tastes good. Normally children avoid eating any food and food supplement. Children like to eat it. It’s healthy its yummy child. So it’s magic for mummies i. e. ithout any hazel children eat healthy food and demanding more and more. Second perspective its healthy helps in growing, make you stronger. Give insta nt energy. So it is magic by having a spoon of Nutella you get instant energy and freshness of rich creamy taste. It is acceptable by children as well as for chocolate lovers. So you can motivate your child by saying its magic. By eating this you are becoming bigger and bigger. Your bones become stronger. Your mind becomes sharper. So children associate with it as a magic given by their mama’s. Nutella gives an assurance of balance diet or a complete breakfast for kids or a must have a spoon in morning meal for kids. Children and females are the key motivator of buying decision. By using word mama we capture whole mothers segment. It gives sense of association. It is creating a bond between mom’s and Nutella. RATIONAL AND EMOTIONAL REASONS TO BELIEVE AND BUY The Rational Reasons to buy and believe Nutella is that, we have approved Nutella from the Specialists Doctors, Health Care Specialist and common people as well through focus group. They all approved Nutella as a completely safe and healthy product for children’s and for everyone. Nutella is healthy and nutritious product for the whole family health’s that’s why the rational reasons exist in to believe and buy Nutella. Every person wants to give healthy and nutritious food to his family and especially children. With the growing trend of working women, it is somewhat becoming a challenge for women to prepare breakfast early in the morning for the whole family. With Nutella, we provide them with ease & convenience that they are no more required to prepare the traditional breakfast in the morning, which, essentially is pretty time consuming; rather they can use Nutella chocolate spread to be enjoyed at breakfast with bread, bun, milk or cookies and having that equivalent nutritious values. Nutella could also be used in many desserts and in different shake. So people get many benefits from a single product and can use it in different ways. The Emotional Reasons to believe and buy Nutella is that every mother wants to give quality and nutritious food to the family. Mothers normally prefer doctor opinion regarding their child health products. Normally doctors have good reputation and high acceptance in any society . people easily accept doctor opinions. Its healthy food having high nutritious value, give instant energy and power. Helps in growing. It is a complete intake that provides the necessary nutrients required by the body. So every mother wants to buy healthy product and give highly nutritious values to their child. This way Nutella grabs the attention of consumers emotionally as well as rationally by offering the following benefits: †¢ Ease †¢ Convenience †¢ Taste †¢ Nutrition Value for money †¢ Plus, it saves time [pic] Our Mission is to have become the name that immediately comes to mind of our customer† This will be accomplished by; †¢ Making, distributing & selling the high est quality. †¢ Operating our business with honesty & integrity. †¢ Giving back to community by: †¢ Purchasing goods & services from local businesses whenever possible. †¢ Concern to future of our society by giving high nutritious product to its upcoming generation †¢ Providing employments opportunity locally †¢ We will offer differentiated nutritious high quality product to feed customers’ needs. †¢ Having concern to our customer health. OVERVIEW OF OUR CAMPAIGN We are designing a marketing plan for our Brand Nutella along with it launch a new variant under its chocolate spread. We introduce new product line with different ingredient and under the same brand name Nutella taking into consideration local environmental effect. Market Plan is sub divided into marketing strategy, business objectives, SWOT analysis, advertising objective, advertising strategy& current market position. Concentrated marketing Strategy is used for our brand as a proven, measureable & unique. Goals, task, resources & Feedback terms are used in order to make business more effective. Describes our brand strengths, weakness, opportunities & threats we would face during launching & after launching. Advertising objective [pic] Our advertising objective is not sales oriented rather we use communicative objective which relate our product to their need, modify and reinforce their attitudes. Through advertising we want to penetrate in the mind of our target audience. ? ADVERTI SING STRATEGY [pic] As we have communication objective we take strategy from the stages of communication process i. e. Feel-learn-do. As we launch a new variant we go for heavy media coverage taking into consideration all the adv. ing tools. ? Current Market Position [pic] It includes size, positioning, placing, and customer preferences , share & business consideration 1. Set of potential customers who have similar needs 2. Who reference each other when buying? 3. Are alike in the way ? Perceive values ? View product and quality Purchase product †¢ To understand customer wants and demands †¢ Easy to become a leader of a small market †¢ Generally more profitable and more effective use of marketing rupee. †¢ country: Pakistan †¢ City: Karachi †¢ Density: Urban & Sub-Urban †¢ Age: 3 years up to15 †¢ Gender: boys and girls both †¢ Income: 35,000 & above †¢ Religion: Respecting all aspects of all religions †¢ Nationality: Specifically Paki’s & other supporting nations! †¢ Social class: Super class, upper middle and moderate class †¢ Lifestyles: zealous & achievers Personality traits: ambitious, obsessive, moderate and simple. †¢ Usage: daily basis †¢ Benefits: nutritious, healthy, within your means, quality guaranteed & easily available. †¢ Loyalty users: strong & absolu te †¢ Readiness stage: fascinated & intending to buy †¢ Attitude towards product: excited & positive because of its current market image and nutritious value. †¢ Grouping customers according to the strength of their product loyalty. †¢ Example: Frequent purchaser. †¢Ã‚  Customers develop loyalty for a variety of reasons; ? Product satisfaction ? High quality ? Affordable price ? Easily available ? Get all the demands & desires from their loyal brand. ? Mind matching Get all the designs that they want. ? Unique & different to rest of the products in the market. General Strategy Options (as they relate to target marketing) †¢ Undifferentiated Marketing †¢ Differentiated Marketing †¢ Concentrated Marketing †¢ Micromarketing SELECTING AND EXECUTING A STRATEGY Basic determinants of marketing strategy: †¢ Company resources. †¢ Product homogeneity. †¢ Stage in the product lifestyle. Competitors’ strategies. †¢ Concentr ated marketing Focusing marketing efforts on satisfying a single market segment; also called niche marketing. †¢ Approach can appeal to mothers specially working ladies and children and too some extent father. Offer highly specialized quality ingredients. †¢ Nutella appeals to healthy conscious & chocolate lover. †¢ Specialized in their own making †¢ art of selecting concentrated strategy †¢ By this tic tact, Nutella induce a new wave of taste in spreads. †¢ Has its own unique way of describing taste and quality. †¢ Can put dreams on real edge, this is the main objective. A marketing strategy that emphasizes serving a specific market segment by achieving a certain position in buyers’ minds relative to the competition †¢ Attributes †¢ Price/quality †¢ Competitors †¢ Application †¢ Product user †¢ Product class Oftentimes, positioning focuses on Points-of-difference (PODs) The act of designing the company’s offering and image to occupy a distinctive place in the minds of the target market & consumers. The further details of positioning can be measure by positioning map; – In planning our positioning strategies, we prepare a positioning map which gives a view that consumer’s perception about our brand versus competing high- low price according to places & quality. – The better the place, the better the quality with relative high price like Agha’s, Hyper star, Naheed etc having relatively high cost. Consumer’s perception would be quite clear regarding our brand & its quality. This is the strategy that gives a benefit to both parties. Consumers, who can’t afford high prices, can go to places like Imtiaz store & other outlets & get their desired stuff. – On other hand, we are having our benefit in our perception i. e. we cost in accordance to quality. And we are providing highest quality food which suits the growing child. COMPETITORS THE MARKETING MIX Marketing mix includes product, price, distribution and promotion. As powerful as single element can be, it’s the unique blend to create by changing in juggling all four that leads to possible sat isfaction. Thus promotion which includes advertising must be balanced with the product design, the price and the method of distribution to create the overall marketing mix that customer considers when they chose their product. PRODUCT Nutella is a cheerful brand emerge with vigor to satisfy our customers want , Customers would like to acquire their money's worth from a product they purchase, our brand not only is the better worth of their money they paid but also the cheerfulness brand spreading Brand name Is for better recognition & to make it peculiar with the company launching. It also turns product exclusive & give rise to brand loyalty. The Brand name is Nutella, which have already international reorganization all around the world. It must help us out and also help in promoting our new ass variants. Quality Highest quality approved by international and local doctor. Highest nutritious value among its competitor. Rich and creamy texture along with awesome taste. Safety Aspire to gain our client’s, confidence by paying attention to the finest detail of each and every product & make it durable, perishable and safe. Packaging As it symbolize the feeling with which brand is stepping in to the market, Nutella is outspreading joviality and cheerfulness with its chromatic and variegated packaging. Expiry Each item we manufacture carries a one-year expiry. Size Providing the whole size range gratify the selected segments, providing different size bottles from economy pack to family jar. Skim prices: Charging a relatively high price for high quality product available in the market, in order to build a high-quality image. Competition based prices: As it does depend and related with raw material prices, we may landed with competition based price at product maturity stage Market oriented prices: We do not follow market oriented pricing approach, claiming our product as of excellence indication. Special offer pricing: On festive occasions the brand pricing strategy slightly change with customer deals name â€Å"magic† deals comprises relatively moderate prices with some additional value added surprises. PLACEMENT Brands positioning is done on Quality over pricing. We want to position our brand in customer mind. We want customer demand our product. We cater all that places where our target market can reach. We provide our own customized racks for placing our brand in store so that it easily identifiable and differentiated from other brands. Distribution channels: Nutella has already establish distribution channel which augment deliver its offerings to valuable customers Inventory management: Brand has efficient inventory management system to control the market setup, for better sales forecasting, sales and operation. Warehousing & Distribution centers: The brand will operate with the existing warehouse, Nutella posses Satisfy their external suppliers by providing them with clear instructions and requirements and then paying them fairly and on time. So, the product reaches to their destiny safely. Advertisement: TV, radio, poster, news paper, internet, magazines, public transport, children shows, socializing network are the mediums, brand willing to use, for placing promotional content. Promotion Promotional strategy: Push & pull; brand decided using both strategies side by side increase force and trade promotion activities & advertisement efforts. Sales promotions: Settle on to publicize brand through sales promotion by presenting incentives and distributing merchandise to buyers or giveaways. Cash in a bucket, price discounts on events or launch, combination offers like chocolate syrup with spread Personal selling: In here face to face is the most common tactic to follow, but Nutella steps in with new energy so social events & exhibitions & sales force are approaches to act upon Public relations & publicity: Brand support marketing public relations by hosting middlemen meeting quarterly and providing privilege club member cards. Throwing parties on new product lunch, Co operate public relation, Communication, CSR, Media are also be the tools. PROMOTIONAL STRATEGY (PULL): MEDIUMS: †¢ Electronic o Television o Radio o Digital media ? Face book ? Yahoo ? Google ? YouTube ? geo †¢ Outdoor o Billboards EVENTS AT DIFFERENT PLACES LIKE: †¢ Arena †¢ Emerald tower †¢ Park tower †¢ Forum †¢ Hyper star BRAND ACTIVATION: †¢ Different shopping malls †¢ Expo-exhibition (books fairs of children) †¢ At schools PRINTING THE NUTELLA LOGO ON: †¢ School lunch boxes †¢ Milk shake bottles or water bottles †¢ Stationary products Direct marketing (direct mail) External communication (helpline, online consultancy, toll free no’s) Chocolate world providing you the experience of being taste conscious are the additional things that brand will soon get acquired to make children choosy, health conscious & drive them smartly crazy! Advertising objective and advertising strategy: Our advertising objective is not sales oriented rather we use communicative objective which relate our product to their need, modify and reinforce their attitudes. Through advertising we want to penetrate in the mind of our target audience. ? ADVERTISING STRATEGY [pic] As we have communication objective we take strategy from the stages of communication process i. e. Feel-learn-do. As we launch a new variant we go for heavy media coverage taking into consideration all the adv. ing tools. The objective of our campaign designed for Nutella is based on multiple objectives that are described below: TO INCREASE AWARENESS As we all know many chocolate spreads available in the market. Customers usually are not aware of the product and do not have brand differentiation in this line. We are tried to create market awareness for the product along with brand differentiation. We focus on its quality and its nutritious values. Ultimately, our prime objective is to generate awareness. Our campaign is basically designed for the purpose of letting the viewers know what NUTELLA is. TO PROMOTE USAGE The second objective of the campaign was to promote product usage. We do not only intend to make people aware of it, but also to convince them on its regular usage. We have showed in our TVC that Nutella is not a brand that is consumed once in a while; in fact it is a product that should be used on daily basis may it be breakfast, brunch, or the supper for that reason. It must be part of your daily breakfast line. Besides, we promote its multi usage like in baking, toping, in dessert, for shakes etc. Enjoy different taste, texture and awesome recipes. STORY BOARD 1st TVC [pic] 2nd TVC[pic] FULL PAGE PRINT AD______________________ HALF PAGE PRINT AD______________________ [pic] [pic] ACTION PLAN To make aware about our product we approach to adopt something different and new, as we have seen in much advance markets globally renown, they go with the stream style to create awareness among people about their products changes with the variable change in technology, this task also set us with a bit difficulty that the people first accept that the variant (almond which we added) we designed for them , according to their geography and variant, for that we start with publishing flyers, later on when we get the feel that people are curious to see something new in the market. Then we on air offer digital adds before a week we will’ be available in the markets. The biggest plan we have, we r going to use computer base technology in diff places like arena hyper star forum park tower. We r installing a software which are working on a older concept of MR POPEY that is i. e. by eating a tin of spinach he got an extra ordinary power we using the same concept with the computerize effect by eating a tea spoon of Nutella children transform in a powerful corrector like bentan and power puff girl on the computer screen we are planting the computerize screen software in all the above mention places which catch the child along with their parents, we are placing Nutella stoles in many public places related to our target audience along with that we focus. We set our dummies product correctors in different public concentrated areas on different occasion i. e. ike book fair exhibition in expo etc, we decided to make that precious moment a event for others by setting flat screen panels in the mall, and decorate mall with the multihued banners and colures of Nutella. Last but not least, we have some surprising planning that will be reveal on the day on launching. MEDIA PLANNING M edia planning includes television, radio, newspaper, social networking sites, magazines, billboards and many others . the analytical frame work to consider which media to use, how to use them, when to use them and where to use them effectively and efficiently called media planning . the process of directing the advertising message to the target audience at the appropriate time and place using the using the appropriate channel. Channel Summary – Radio | |Channels |Net Amount |Spots |Share % |Network Areas | | FM 99 Power | 255,529 | 708|6% |Islamabad | | FM 103 | 588,281 | 889|14% |Karachi,Lahore,Faisalabad,Multan | | FM 107 | 968,489 | 1,912 |24% |Karachi | | FM 91 | 1,355,738 | 2,355 |33% |Karachi,Lahor,Islamabad,Gawadar | | FM 99 | 446,765 | 1,810 |11% |Karachi | | FM 94. 6 | 448,679 | 1,067 |11% |Karachi | |Total | 4,063,481 | 8,741 |100% |   | Summary – Digital |   |   |   | |Networking Sites |Media Cost($) |Estimated clicks |Total Media Cost |Ad serving Cost | | Yahoo | | | | | | |3,771 |8,560 |3,771 |46 | | Facebook | | | | | | |3,520 |25,633 |3,520 |138 | | Google Contextual | | | | | | |4,902 |45,820 |4,902 |247 | | Google Placement | | | | | |2,514 |25,000 |2,514 |135 | | Geo | | | | | | |3,143 |28,000 |3,143 |151 | | Youtube | | | | | | |2,263 |18,560 |2,263 |100 | |Total | 20,112 | 151,573| | | | | | |20,112 |818 | Print Summary – Magzine | |Magzine Name |Net Amount |Readership |circulation | | Pak and Gulf Economist | | | | | |72,977 |45,000 |15,000 | | Images | 324,054| 270,000| | | | | |90,000 | | Dalda Ka Dasterkhwan | | 120,000| | | |49,256 | |40,000 | | Time (Pak Edition) | | 390,000| | | |- | |130,000 | | Young World | | 130,000| | |- | |45,000 | | Smash | | 250,000| | | |- | |55,000 | | Masala | | 280,000| | | |- | |60,000 | | Foodline | | 295,000| | | |- | |75,000 | | Chef | | 220,000| | | |- | |85,600 | | Synergyzer | | 285,000| | | |- | |125,000 | | Newsweek | 375,903| | | | | |45,000 |15,000 | | Kitchen | | 225,000| | | |- | |85,000 | |Total | 822,190 | 2,330,000 | 820,600 | |Print Summary – Newspaper | |Newspaper Name |Net Amount |Readership |circulation | | Dawn ( Combined ) 492,562| 270,000| | | | | |90,000 | | Dawn ( Combined ) | 615,703| 270,000| | | | | |90,000 | | The News ( Combined ) | 1,036,973 | 240,000| | | | | |80,000 | | The News ( Combined ) | 680,513| 240,000| | | | | |80,000 | |   |   |   |   | |Total | 2,825,751 | 1,020,000 | 340,000 | |Channel Summary – Tv | |Channels |Net Amount |Total no. f Spots |Total Sec | | Geo News | 5,113,220 | | | | | |172 |6,880 | | Samaa news | 1,904,587 | | | | | |173 |6,920 | | Geo entertainment | 1,078,137 | | | | | |56 |2,240 | | Ary Digital 3,282,101 | | | | | |95 |3,800 | | Cartoon Network | 1,934,760 | | | | | |100 |4,000 | | Ary Zauq | 3,427,668 | | | | | |141 |5,640 | | Oxygen | 145,714 | | | | | |99 |3,960 | | Ary the music | 364,285 | | | | | |99 |3,960 | | Nickleodeon | 364,285 | | | | | |99 | 3,960 | | Play Tv | 218,571 | | | | | |99 |3,960 | | Masala Tv | 158,961 |108 | | | | | |4,320 | | Axn | 582,857 | | | | | |99 |3,960 | | HBO | 1,007,856 | | | | |99 |1,007,856 | |   |   |   |   |   | |Total | 19,583,002 | 1,439 | | | | | |1,061,456 | |Outdoor Summary | |Location |Campaign Net Amount |Area Sq. Feet | | Karachi | 7,216,000 | 1,080 | | Lahore | 4,329,600 | 4,450 | | ISB | 6,560,000 | 2,055 | |   |   |   | |Total | 18,105,600 | 7,585 | ———————– ADVERTISING CAMPAIGN OF NUTELLA GROUP MEMBERS †¢ SYED MOHAMMAD SHOAIB (4478) †¢ FAIZA KHAN (234) MALIK UMAIR HAMZA (4081) SUBMITTED TO SIR HASAN AZIM SUBMISSION DATE; 17TH DECEMBER, 2011 MARKET SEGMENTION NEED OF MARKET SEMENTATION GEOGRAPHIC SEGMENTATION DEMOGRAPHIC SEGMENTATION PSYCHOGRAPHIC SEGMENTATION BEHAVIORAL SEGMENTATION SEGMENTING BY BRAND LOYALTY TARGET MARKET CONCENTRATED MARKETING POSITIONING Positioning Map High Naheed/Aghas Hyper start EDCO Imtaiz Makro and other local leading store Price Low High Perceived Quality ? The strong Pakistani mindset towards traditional food and against bread can be one of the threats. ? There are no much of a threats until it gets positioned. ? After positioning it has to beware of duplicate brands. The Pakistani market has been and will always be a welcoming one for new products like Nutella as it did for Kellogg’s. ? The purchasing power of Pakistani has been on a raise lately and the rise of urban middle class will be appositive sign for Nutella. ? The population of youth is more and hence Nutella has a bright chance of succeeding. ? Not much of a competition exists in Pakistan. ? It’s high in carbohydrates which is the major nutrient lacking in Pakistani kids. ? It has low GI and it works for the apprehensions of the mothers and keeps the kid energetic all day long. ? It’s tasty and delicious and will definitely work for kids ? Quicker to make and easy to eat which will solve the problem of working mothers who find preparing breakfast a challenge. Chocolate in the morning is not very welcomed in Pakistani homes & Pakistani mothers and kids are still inclined towards the traditional food. Suggested retail price: our retail prices are Bottle of 350gm is around Rs310 Volume d iscounts: As the brand recently will get launch, accept volume pricing when brand reach to growth stage. 1st month discounts: give privilege low prices to costumers buy product at the very first i. e. you also called opening promotional activity. Price flexibility: Nutella is an exclusive brand so we just propose fixed price, no price flexibility. Profitability: Brand profitability is based on the skimming It†¦ †¦ Fall11 PAF-Karachi Institute of Economics & Technology